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January 04, 2019

Software Testing Methodologies - MCQS 2

quiz , Software Testing Methodologies
Software Testing Methodologies - MCQS 2
                                                                
Question
Which is not Fault categories in these?

Select one:
a. Extra State Error
b. Logical Error
c. Transfer Error
d. Missing State Error

The correct answer is: Logical Error

Question
Adding Variables and Conditions to FSM is called

Select one:
a. None
b. FSM++
c. Advanced FSM
d. Extended FSM

The correct answer is: Extended FSM

Question
Characteristics of Path-based Integration

Select one:
a. Interfaces are behavioral
b. Interfaces are behavioral
c. None
d. Co-functioning, Interfaces are structural and interactions are behavioral

The correct answer is: Co-functioning, Interfaces are structural and interactions are behavioral

Question
Which one of the followings is a Call Graph-Based Integration

Select one:
a. Neighbourhood and Closed-users
b. All of the above
c. Pairwise and Neighbourhood
d. Pairwise and Closed-Users

The correct answer is: Pairwise and Neighbourhood

Question
Path based integration testing is also called as

Select one:
a. Hybrid integration testing
b. Pairwise integration testing
c. Neighbourhood integration testing
d. Sandwich integration testing

The correct answer is:Hybrid integration testing

Question
MM path testing is used is

Select one:
a. model based testing
b. object oriented testing
c. state based testing
d. System testing

The correct answer is:object oriented testing

Question
What are the Integration testing appraoch classified under Call Graph-Based Integration:

Select one:
a. Neighbourhood, Sandwich
b. Pair-Wise, Top-down
c. Bottom-up,Neighbourhood
d. Pair-Wise, Neighbourhood

The correct answer is:Pair-Wise, Neighbourhood

Question
In Data Flow Testing, an Use is a statement that __________ a value of variable

Select one:
a. All options
b. validates
c. references
d. Manipulates

The correct answer is:references

Question
Which of the following is black-box oriented and can be accomplished by applying the same black-box methods discussed for conventional software?

Select one:
a. Test case design
b. Both Conventional testing and OO system validation testing
c. OO system validation testing
d. Conventional testing

The correct answer is:Both Conventional testing and OO system validation testing

Question
Which of the testing processes is the process of verifying the interaction between software components?

Select one:
a. Integration Testing
b. System Testing
c. Object-Oriented Testing
d. Unit Testing

The correct answer is:Integration Testing

Question
In an Object Oriented System, if A derives from B and B derives from C, then which one of the following is incorrect with respect to OO testing?

Select one:
a. To test A, create a class by flattening technique (merge methods and attributes of A, B and C)
b. Cannot directly test A- need to flatten it because it is a sub-class
c. To test C, create a class by flattening technique (merge methods and attributes of A, B and C)
d. To test B, create a class by flattening technique (merge methods and attributes of B and C)

The correct answer is:To test C, create a class by flattening technique (merge methods and attributes of A, B and C)

Question
A usage node USE(v, n) is a predicate use (denoted as P-use)

Select one:
a. iff the statement n is an output statement
b. iff the statement n is a predicate statement
c. iff the statement n is procedure call
d. iff the statement n is an input statement

The correct answer is:iff the statement n is a predicate statement

Question
Issue with class flattening is

Select one:
a. Uncertainty-flattened class is not part of final system
b. meaning of system will change
c. None of the options
d. create irrelevant class

The correct answer is:Uncertainty-flattened class is not part of final system

Question
Integration testing is

Select one:
a. process of verifying interaction between software components
b. ALL
c. process of testing interfaces
d. process of verifying interaction between different programs

The correct answer is:process of verifying interaction between software components

Question
operation error in fault model is tested by

Select one:
a. Extra state testing
b. Missing state testing
c. Incorrect state transition
d. Error generated upon transition

The correct answer is:Error generated upon transition

Question
Which is NOT a higher level of testing?

Select one:
a. System Testing
b. Unit Testing
c. Integration Testing
d. Sub-System Testing

The correct answer is:Unit Testing

Question
Class flattening is

Select one:
a. Association of attributes and operation of a class
b. Removing unnecessary attributes and operations from class
c. A composition of various classes together
d. Original class expanded to include all the attributes and operation it inherits

The correct answer is: Original class expanded to include all the attributes and operation it inherits

Question
which statement is not True in case of Neighbourhood?

Select one:
a. Interior nodes = nodes - (source nodes + sink nodes)
b. Neighbourhoods = nodes - sink nodes
c. Neighbourhoods = sink nodes + nodes
d. Neibhourhoods = interior nodes + source nodes

The correct answer is:Neighbourhoods = sink nodes + nodes

Question
class flattening is used to test following object oriented feature

Select one:
a. constructor
b. template
c. polymorphism
d. inheritance

The correct answer is:inheritance

Question
Which View of class testing is used for Inheritance?

Select one:
a. Compile Time View
b. None
c. Execution View
d. Static View

The correct answer is:Compile Time View

Question
Call Graph (CG) based approach is

Select one:
a. Both Pair-wise and Neighborhood integration
b. Neither Pair-wise integration nor Neighborhood integration
c. Only Pair-wise integration
d. Only Neighborhood integration

The correct answer is: Both Pair-wise and Neighborhood integration

Question
In Top-Down integration testing, which one of the followings that you may need to develop?

Select one:
a. Drivers
b. Connectors
c. Interfaces
d. Stubs

The correct answer is:Stubs

Question
Data Flow Testing is best where _____________________ is high.

Select one:
a. Complexity requirement
b. Usability
c. Reliability requirement
d. Computation

The correct answer is:Reliability requirement

Question
One of the  issues with flattened class could be the following:

Select one:
a. A flattened class will be part of a final system, so some redundancy of testing remains
b. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains
c. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains
d. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains

The correct answer is:A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains

Question
When will the working version of the system be ready in case Sandwich approach?

Select one:
a. None
b. Early
c. Never
d. Late

The correct answer is:Early

Question
Number of Integration Cycles/Sessions in Integration Testing is:

Select one:
a. Session = nodes  +  leaves  + edges
b. Session = nodes  – leaves  +  edge
c. Session = nodes  + leaves  –  edges
d. Session = nodes  –  leaves  – edges

The correct answer is:Session = nodes  – leaves  +  edge

 Question
Big Bang integration approach:

Select one:
a. Suffers with problem of fault isolation
b. None of the option
c. Requires creation of a large number of stubs and drivers
d. Number of integration testing sessions is 2

The correct answer is:Suffers with problem of fault isolation.

Question
System of systems is

Select one:
a. A set of component systems
b. A collection of cooperating systems
c. All of the above options
d. A  collection of autonomous systems

The correct answer is: A collection of cooperating systems

Question
Select the odd man out

Select one:
a. Sandwich
b. Pair-Wise
c. Top-down
d. Bottom-up

The correct answer is: Pair-Wise

Question
Sandwich integration strategies

Select one:
a. use equal number of stubs and drivers
b. use less stubs and more drivers
c. use more stubs and less drivers
d. use both stubs and drivers

The correct answer is: use both stubs and drivers

Question
Parallel Testing is highly used in which Integration approach?

Select one:
a. Sandwich
b. Big Bang
c. Bottom-up
d. Top-down

The correct answer is: Big Bang

Question
Which of the following determines state diagram?

Select one:
a. The UML notation for specifying finite automata is the state diagram
b. None of the mentioned
c. All of the mentioned
d. In state diagrams, states are represented by rounded rectangles

The correct answer is: All of the mentioned

Question
Data Flow testing refers to forms of structural testing that focus on:

Select one:
a. All options
b. An unifying structure of test coverage metrics
c. Serves as a “reality check” on path testing
d. The point at which variables receive values and the point at which these values are used (or referenced)

The correct answer is: All options

Question
if (v>0) then print (v) represents:

Select one:
a. USE of v
b. C-use of v
c. Define of v
d. P-use of v

The correct answer is: P-use of v

Question
In Bottom-Up integration testing, which one of the followings that you may need to develop?

Select one:
a. Interfaces
b. Stubs
c. Drivers
d. Connectors

The correct answer is: Drivers

Question
What is the main problem with static view of a class while treating class as a unit?

Select one:
a. Methods of the class are ignored
b. Functions of the class are ignored
c. Inheritances are ignored
d. Data of the class are ignored

The correct answer is: Inheritances are ignored

Question
In data flow testing, objective is to find

Select one:
a. All du-paths
b. All dc-paths that are not du-paths
c. All du-paths that are not dc-paths
d. All dc-paths

The correct answer is: All du-paths

Question
Data Flow Testing refer to

Select one:
a. Point at which the variable receive values and the point at which it is used
b. Understanding how Data changes to Result
c. None of the options
d. Inputting Data

The correct answer is: Point at which the variable receive values and the point at which it is used

Question
Different strategies used in state model to design test cases are

Select one:
a. State Testing, Transition Testing, Path Testing
b. Transition Testing, Coverage Testing
c. Code Testing, Path Testing
d. State Testing, Code Testing

The correct answer is: State Testing, Transition Testing, Path Testing

Question 
Which of the testing methods is NOT part of decomposition based integration testing?

Select one:
a. Circular
b. Bottom-Up
c. Top-Down
d. Sandwich

The correct answer is: Circular

Question
A rich extention of FSM

Select one:
a. None
b. Path testing
c. Petri nets
d. State Charts

The correct answer is: State Charts

Question
One of the  issues with flattened class could be the following:

Select one:
a. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains
b. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains
c. A flattened class will be part of a final system, so some redundancy of testing remains
d. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains

The correct answer is: A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains

Question
Which one is not a State amongst these?

Select one:
a. Name
b. Colour
c. Barking
d. Age

The correct answer is: Barking

Question
A usage node USE(v, n) is a computation use (denoted as C-use)

Select one:
a. iff the statement n is an input/output statement
b. None of the options
c. iff the statement n is a predicate statement
d. iff the statement n is a Computation statement

The correct answer is: iff the statement n is a Computation statement

Question
Software Test Stubs are

Select one:
a. Used to connect a software with a driver
b. None of the options
c. Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the control modules of a under test module
d. Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the dependent modules of a under test module

The correct answer is: Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the dependent modules of a under test module

Question
A Module Execution Path (MEP) is

Select one:
a. None of the options
b. A sequence of statements that begins with a ‘Source Node’ and ends with a ‘Sink Node’, with no intervening sink nodes
c. A sequence of statements that begins with a ‘Sink Node’ and ends with a ‘Source Node’, with no intervening sink nodes
d. A sequence of statements that begins with a couple of ‘Source Nodes’ and ends with a couple of ‘Sink Nodes’, with no intervening sink nodes

The correct answer is: A sequence of statements that begins with a ‘Source Node’ and ends with a ‘Sink Node’, with no intervening sink nodes

Question
Operation error in a fault model is:

Select one:
a. Corrupt input
b.  input function
c. Output values are garbled
d. Error generated upon transition like  output function

The correct answer is: Error generated upon transition like  output function

Question
What is the BEST definition of flattened class?

Select one:
a. A flattened class is an original class expanded to include all the attributes and functions.
b. A flattened class is an original class expanded to include all the attributes and operations it inherits
c. A flattened class is an original class expanded to include all the attributes of the class itself.
d. A flattened class is an original class expanded to include all the attributes but not the operations it inherits

The correct answer is: A flattened class is an original class expanded to include all the attributes and operations it inherits

Question
Which are not Issues with Flattening in Inheritence

Select one:
a. Uncertainity
b. flattened class is not part of final system
c. flattened class is part of the final system
d. Similar issue as insrumented code

The correct answer is: flattened class is part of the final system

Question
Transfer error in a fault model is:

Select one:
a. Incorrect state transition
b. None of the option
c. Specification-based testing technique
d. transition to next state

The correct answer is: Incorrect state transition

Question
Testing criteria of state machine are

Select one:
a. state coverage,transition coverage and path coverage
b. All the options are correct
c. path coverage
d. state coverage only

The correct answer is: state coverage,transition coverage and path coverage

Question
Data Flow testing helps to resolve the define/reference  anomalies:

Select one:
a. A variable that is used but never defined
b. All options
c. A variable that is defined twice before it is used
d. A variable that is defined but never used (referenced)

The correct answer is: All options

Question
Fault categories include

Select one:
a. new state error,fault state error,operation error,transfer error
b. operation error and transfer error
c. transmission error
d. operation error,transfer error,extra state error,missing state error

The correct answer is: operation error,transfer error,extra state error,missing state error

Question
Which of the following is true?

Select one:
a. Transitions may be spontaneous, but usually some event triggers them
b. A transition is a change from one state to another
c. All of the mentioned
d. An event is a noteworthy occurrence at a particular time; events have no duration

The correct answer is: All of the mentioned   

Question
Software Test Drivers are

Select one:
a. None of the options
b. Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the dependent modules of a under test module
c. Used to connect a software with a driver
d. Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the control modules of a under test module

The correct answer is: Programs which simulate the behaviors of software components that are the control modules of a under test module

Question
Issues with Flattening of classes leads to

Select one:
a. None
b. problems like any instrumented code
c. poor testing
d. uncertainity as it is not part of the final system

The correct answer is: uncertainity as it is not part of the final system

Question
Which of the following is a part of testing OO code?

Select one:
a. Integration tests
b. System tests
c. Validation tests
d. Class tests

The correct answer is: Class tests

Question
Which one of  the  following  statements best  reflects realistic  expectations from  introducing MBT  into the software development life cycle?

Select one:
a. Since reuse of a system design model is possible in MBT, after small investment, the usage of MBT in a development process is almost for free.
b. Adding an MBT tool without change in the existing organization and/or test process is an effective approach.
c. MBT users do not need to understand test design techniques because test generation with MBT is fully automated.
d. Carefully introducing changes to the whole test process when introducing MBT, including test team training, helps to obtain measurable progress.

The correct answer is: Carefully introducing changes to the whole test process when introducing MBT, including test team training, helps to obtain measurable progress.

Question
Useful formalism to express concurrency and timing - this is true for which model?

Select one:
a. StateCharts
b. Petri Nets
c. FSM
d. None

The correct answer is: Petri Nets

Question
Flattening of classes is

Select one:
a. Required for testing subclasses
b. Required to overcome the challenges posed by encapsulation concept of OO systems
c. Involves merging methods of a sub-class
d. Creates classes that are a part of the final product

The correct answer is: Required for testing subclasses

Question
The statement v=x+n+2; a definition of v

Select one:
a. None
b. is a computation use of v
c. is a definition of v
d. is a output statement of v

The correct answer is: is a definition of v

Question
In a Definition – Use pair (du pair)

Select one:
a. There should be a control path from d to u along which the variable is not modified
b. All of the options
c. There should be a Definition statement to define a variable (d)
d. There should be a Use statement where the variable is used (u)

The correct answer is: All of the options

Question
What are the Integration testing appraoch classified under Decomposition based:

Select one:
a. Top-down, Pair-Wise, Bottom-up
b. Sandwich, Neighbourhood, Top-down
c. Top-down, Bottom-up, Sandwich, Big-bang
d. Pair-wise, Neighbourhood

The correct answer is: Top-down, Bottom-up, Sandwich, Big-bang

Question
which of following describes system behaviour

Select one:
a. Control flow graph
b. Data Flow graph
c. Path in the flow graphs
d. Finite state machine

The correct answer is: Finite state machine

Question
When will be the interface erros will get detected in case Biga Bang appraoch?

Select one:
a. Never
b. Early
c. None
d. Late

The correct answer is: Late

Question
i=0;if (i<10) { x= i+1; print(x);} How many DU pairs are there for i ?

Select one:
a. 4
b. 1
c. 3
d. 2

The correct answer is: 2

Question
Which one is not an Executable Model?

Select one:
a. Finite State Machines
b. Petri Nets
c. StateCharts
d. Basis Paths


The correct answer is: Basis Paths

Question
One of the  issues with flattened class could be the following:

Select one:
a. A flattened class will be part of a final system, so some redundancy of testing remains
b. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains
c. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains
d. A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so no uncertainty remains


The correct answer is: A flattened class will not be part of a final system, so some uncertainty remains

Question
Testing polymorphism

Select one:
a. is to develop test cases for client that exercise all client bindings to polymorphic calls.
b. is to develop test cases for base and derived classes.
c. is to develop test cases using class flattening
d. is to develop test cases for all possible classes and objects Incorrect

The correct answer is: is to develop test cases for client that exercise all client bindings to polymorphic calls.

Question
i=i+1 represents:

Select one:
a. DEF (i, n)
b. C-USE (i, n)
c. USE (i, n)
d. P-USE (i, n)

The correct answer is: DEF (i, n)
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August 01, 2018

Object Oriented Analysis and Design Importance - Comprehensive

Comprehensive , Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Object Oriented Analysis and Design Importance - Comprehensive

Text Book(s)
T1 Larman, C., Applying UML and Patterns, Pearson Education, 3rd Ed., 2005.
T2 Erich Gamma et al., Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, 1994

https://www.waseian.com/2018/08/object-oriented-analysis-and-design.htmlhttps://www.waseian.com/2018/08/object-oriented-analysis-and-design.html

Question 3)(i)
Online Mobile Recharge
Problem Statement:
   The event study 'Online Mobile Recharge' provides us the data about all the mobile service providers. This application offers us the complete info regarding any mobile service provider in terms of their policies, choices, profits, etc. Supposing, any Airtel buyer needs to have the info of all the schemes and services provided by the company, he/she can have the info and according to his suitability, he can recharge the mobile from the same application. The major benefit of this proposed system is to have the renewing facility of any service provider under the same roof.
End users: 
Service Provider:
  Service Provider is the one who is nothing but the mobile service provider like all the corporations who are giving the mobile connections come under this module. The functionality of this module is to mark the mobile renewing of their company based on the availability of balance in the admin account. Request derives from the user and it is going to be proved at the admin for the availability of balance and then the appeal is forwarded to the service provided to make the mobile recharge.
Third-party System Administrator:
The administrator is the one who observes all users and user dealings. Admin also observers all the Service Providers, all the user accounts, and amounts salaried by the user and amount salaried to Service providers. When the appeal given by the user admin checks the available balance in the user account then request is advanced to the Service Provider from where user request gets handled. Admin has the complete info related to the user and all the info related to the patterns and other info of dissimilar recharge coupons provided by the Service Providers. All the data is preserved at the Admin level. Admin is having the privileges to limit any user.
User:
  There are 2 categories in the user Module:
• Registered User
• Visitor
  Any person who wants to use the services of Online Mobile Recharge at any time from anywhere they should get listed in this application. After getting listed user can recharge the mobile at any time and from anywhere. Guest is the one who visits the Online Mobile Recharge application and has the complete data related to the Service Providers and can make the mobile recharge by entering the bank facts or by giving the credit card details.
Draw a Collaboration Diagram for the above case study clearly showing the Classes, Numbering of communications and relationships.
Answer)

 IMPORTANT NOTE: In the question, only Collaboration Diagram is asked. Other diagrams are for reference.
Use-Case Diagram
Actors vs Use Cases:
User
•Register.
•Recharge.
•Select Payment Gateway.
•Select Service Provider.
•Make payment.

Third Party Administrator
•Forward User request to Service Provider.
•Track Complaints.

Third Party Server/ Database
•Authenticate the Registered users.
•Maintain the Log.

Service Provider
•Recharge the user requested either directly or through the third party system.
•Provide various plans to the user.

Online Mobile Recharge UML Use case Diagram:


Sequence Diagram
Sequence Diagram for a user to recharge his account through the third-party site:

Collaboration Diagram
Collaboration diagram for a user to recharge his account through the third-party site:

Class Diagram
Classes Identified:
  • User: Registered, Visitor
  • Third Party System Administrator
  • Third Party Server/ Database
  • Service Provider
  • Direct or Non- Third Party User (Direct access through Service Provider Site)

Activity Diagram
Activities:
  • User login and authentication for the Registered user.
  • Forward the request to service provider if logged in as an Administrator.
  • Enter service provider site for a direct user.
  • Enter recharge amount.
  • Select Payment Gateway.
  • Login and authenticate Bank Account.
  • Make payment.
  • Check for the recharge processed successfully or not.
Question3.(ii) 
Draw a UML Activity diagram clearly showing the interaction of Customer, Customer Browser, Google App, Google ACS Service, Identity provider for the Google Apps described below:
 Single Sign-On (SSO) for Google Apps
Purpose:
  An example of a UML activity diagram which describes Single Sign-On (SSO) to Google Apps for customers using some hosted Google application, such as Gmail.
Summary:
When a user tries to use some hosted Google app, such as Gmail, Google generates a (SAML) verification request and sends a redirect request back to the user's browser. Redirect points to the exact identity provider. SAML verification request contains the encrypted URL of the Google application that the user is trying to reach.
  Google acts as a service provider with services such as Gmail or Start Pages. Partner companies work as identifiers and control other passwords, passwords, and passwords used for identifying, authenticating and authorizing users for Google's Web applications. Each partner also provides Google with its SSO URL as well as a public key that Google will use to verify SAML
responses.

 Answer: UML Activity diagram:
UML describe the structure, boundary, and behavior of the system as well as objects within it. It's not a programming language but there are tools which can be used to generate code in various languages.

Question4)(i) 
Factory Pattern: Explain through examples.
Answer )
Factory Method is to building objects as Template Method is to applying an algorithm. A super class identifies all standard and common behavior (using pure simulated "placeholders" for creation steps) and then delegates the creation details to sub classes that are delivered by the client.
  Factory Method creates a design more customizable and only a tiny more difficult. Other design patterns need new classes, while the Factory Method only requires a new process. Creating an object often requires difficult processes not appropriate to include within a composing object.
  The factory method design pattern handles these problems by defining a separate method for making the objects, which sub classes can then overrule to specify the derived type of product that will be formed.
Example:
The factory method allows an interface to create objects but the sub-classes can select which groups are immediate. Injection molding presses display this pattern. The manufacturers of plastic toys process plastic molding powder and inject plastic into the mold of desired shapes.
  The class of toy (car, action figure, etc.) is determined by the mold.

Question4)(ia)
How does the Factory Method Pattern fit in with other patterns/methods?
Answer ) 
  Factory classes are useful when you need a complicated process for building the object when the creation need a reliance that you do not want for the real class when you need to construct different objects etc.
  It is a good idea to use factory methods inside the object when:
  • Object's class doesn't know what exact sub-classes it has to create
  • Object's class is designed so that the objects it creates were specified by sub-classes
  • Object's class delegates its duties to auxiliary sub-classes and doesn't know what exact class will take these duties
  • The Factory Method allows these other patterns to defer instantiation to sub classes. One practices the Factory way to defer responsibility to sub class objects. 
Question4)(ib)
Factories increase cohesion. What is their rationale for saying so? 
Answer)
Cohesion means 'sticking together' and a factory is a method, an object, or anything else that is used to instantiate other objects. It helps to keep together both the functionality and the instruction that determines which objects should be built and/or managed under different circumstances.

Question4)(ic) 
Factories also help in testing. In what ways is this true?
Answer )
  • The using objects should act in exactly the similar way with any set of derivatives present. It should not test every possible combination, because it can test each piece individually. No matter how they are combined, the system will work in the same manner.
  • The advantage is that it can yield the same instance multiple times, or can return a subclass rather than an object of that exact type.
Question4.(ii)
Observer Pattern: Explain through examples
Answer)
  • Observer pattern (also called publishing-subscribed pattern) is a behavioral design pattern that defines multiple relationships between objects when an object changes its position, all dependent objects are notified and updates automatically.
  • Observer pattern is the basic standard in decoupling - separating objects which depend on each other.
Example:
  • The observer pattern is used in the model view controller (MVC) architectural pattern. In MVC observer pattern is used to decouple the model from the view. View symbolizes the Observer and the model is the Observable object.
  • Event management - For this scenario, the Observer patterns are widely used. Swing and DotNet are widely fulfilling the events mechanism.
Question4)(iia)
What is the intent of the Observer pattern? Under what circumstances should an Observer pattern not be used?
Answer)
The intent of the Observer Pattern:
  • Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
  • Is should be used when there is a change of a state in one object must be reflected in another object without keeping the objects tight coupled.
  • It is also used when the framework we are writing needs to be enhanced in the future with new observers with minimal changes.
  • When a change to one object requires the change of a variable number of other objects (not necessarily known at compile-time).
  • When an object should be able to talk to another object, but you don't want them essentially dependent on each other.
Question4)(ii)
One example of the Observer pattern from outside of software is a radio station: It broadcasts its signal; anyone who is interested can tune in and listen when they want to. Give another example from "real-life" with explanation?
Answer)
  • Split-wise group: If anyone adds or updates an entry in the group for any amount- all members of the group get a notification regarding the update done.
  • Facebook: If one follows a post, then it is added to the observer and another comment is received on the same post, send a notification to all other supervisors. It is the same as twitter or any other social media.
  • Cricket Display: The scoreboard display, displays the average score etc information as per the current status of the match. Whenever any total score changes, the display board gets refreshed. So, the display board is the observer here and Subject is the panel sending the current score status to the board.
Question5.(a)
Name three Design Patterns which uses the Singleton design pattern in their Implementation.
Answer)
Singleton design pattern is used in below three implementations.
  • Abstract Factory: In an abstract factory pattern, an interface is responsible for making a factory of related items without clearly specifying its classes.
  • Builder: Builder pattern builds a complex object using simple objects and using a step by step approach.
  • Prototype: This design involves applying a sample interface which speaks to create a replica of the current object. 
Question5.(b)
When singleton pattern usage is unnecessary?
Answer)
  • Most of the time it is not unnecessary.
  • When it's easier to permit an object resource as a reference to the objects that need it, rather than letting objects access the resource globally. 
  • Everything that can be done with a singleton can be done with a class variable or method.
  •  And if something has to be unique, it has to belong to the class and not to the objects.
  • Therefore, good or bad, singletons are conceptually wrong.
Question5.(c)
Compare the operation of Adapter and Bridge Design Patterns.
Answer)
Adapter Design Pattern
  • The adapter makes things work after they're designed.
  • The Adapter pattern is more about getting your existing code to work with a newer system or interface.
  • It is useful to work with two incompatible interfaces.
  • Example: A case of the rd reader which acts as an adapter between the memory card and a laptop. You plugin the memory card into card reader and card reader into the laptop so that memory card can be read via laptop
Bridge Design Pattern
  • Bridge makes them work before they are.
  • The Bridge pattern lets you have another implementations of an algorithm or system.
  • It decouples an abstraction from its implementation and both can differ individually.
  • Example: A circle can be drawn in various different colors using the identical abstract class method but diverse bridge implementer classes.
Question5.(d)
Why Decorator Design Pattern is better than Adapter Design Pattern while handling Interfaces?
Answer)
  • Adapter pattern alters interface, Decorator pattern doesn't alter interface, it just implements the unique object's interface, so that it can be passed to a method, which receives an original object.
  • Adapter delivers a different interface to its subject. Decorator delivers an enhanced interface.
  • An adapter is destined to change the interface of an existing object. Decorator enhances another object without changing its interface. A decorator is thus more transparent to the application than an adapter is. As a significance, Decorator supports recursive composition, which isn't possible with pure Adapters
Question5.(e) 
How does the Façade and Adapter Design Pattern make use of Interfaces?
Answer:
  • Facade describes a new interface, whereas Adapter reprocesses an old interface.
  • Facade design pattern neither translates interfaces nor adds new functionality, instead it just deliver simpler interfaces. So instead of client nonstop accessing single components of a system, it uses facade. Facade design pattern agrees client interact with the difficult system with a much simpler interface and less work
  • The facade will then call individual components.
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May 27, 2018

Object Oriented Analysis and Design - MCQS

Object Oriented Analysis and Design , OOAD
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - MCQS

Question
AC001. Which of the following does not belong to OOAD?
Select one:
a. Swim lane diagram
b. Fully dressed use case
c. State transition diagram
d. Domain model

The correct answer is: Fully dressed use case

Question 
CA019 A boundary class is an analysis class that represents _____.
Select one:
a. the user interface or Presentation layer of a system
b. the interface between the client and middleware tiers in a system
c. an intermediary or interface to something outside the system
d. an API that is supplied by a third-party vendor and used to integrate with an external system

The correct answer is: an intermediary or interface to something outside the system

Question
STQ102 Which phase of unified process model focuses over system conversions and user training?
Select one:
a. Inception
b. Construction
c. Elaboration
d. Transition

 The correct answer is: Transition

Question 
JNQ109. When acceptance testing is performed in Agile development?
Select one:
a. At the end of each iteration
b. After system is ready
c. Daily
d. On request of customer

The correct answer is: At the end of each iteration

Question 
SKQ106 An object is considered an external entity in object-oriented modelling
Select one:
a. its attributes change during operation of the system
b. it has no attributes relevant to the system
c. its attributes are invariant during operation of the system
d. it has numerous attributes

 The correct answer is: its attributes are invariant during operation of the system

Question 
CA009 Which of the following is a technique for hiding the internal implementation details of an object?
Select one:
a. Abstraction
b. Encapsulation
c. Inheritance
d. Polymorphism

The correct answer is: Encapsulation

Question 
CA017 What are the components of a structured class?
Select one:
a. ports, roles, and threads
b. roles, ports, and connectors
c. attributes, roles, and ports
d. messages, connectors, and roles

The correct answer is: roles, ports, and connectors

Question 
MDQ102 The three types of relationships use cases have in a use case diagram include?
Select one:
a. Elaboration, generalization, boundarization
b. Inclusion, representation, realization
c. Extension, representation, elaboration
d. Extension, inclusion, and generalization

The correct answer is: Extension, inclusion, and generalization

Question 
VVKQ105 Attributes are assigned value
Select one:
a. When methods are invoked
b. When instances of objects are defined
c. When operations are performed on an object
d. When classes are identified

The correct answer is: When instances of objects are defined

Question 
JNQ104. Which of the following UML diagrams has a static view?
Select one:
a. Activity
b. State chart
c. Collaboration
d. Use case

The correct answer is: Use case

Question 
CA035 The designing phase includes the following activities, EXCEPT
Select one:
a. Designing the user interface
b. Designing the application architecture
c. Designing the project team
d. Designing and integrating the network

The correct answer is: Designing the project team

Question 
CA030 A class is
Select one:
a. template for objects of a particular type
b. a class of objects
c. a classification of objects
d. a group of objects

The correct answer is: template for objects of a particular type

Question 
SKQ103 What type of core-relationship is represented by the symbol in the figure below?
relationship symbols

Select one:
a. Dependency
b. Aggregation
c. Association
d. Generalization

The correct answer is: Aggregation

Question 
AE002) Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically.It provides a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.
Select one:
a. Adapter
b. Composite
c. Chain of responsibility
d. Decorator

The correct answer is: Decorator

Question 
AE003) Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. It lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.
Select one:
a. Template method
b. Strategy
c. Decorator
d. Visitor

The correct answer is: Strategy

Question 
UMQ103. Which of the following process model is best suited for developing object-oriented systems?
Select one:
a. Unified Process model
b. Prototype model
c. Waterfall model
d. Spiral model

The correct answer is: Unified Process model

Question 
CA039 Which of the following relationships are used in a use-case diagram?
Select one:
a. Communication
b. ALL given choices
c. Extends
d. Uses

The correct answer is: ALL given choices

Question 
SHQ105. Which of these are the heuristics ?
Select one:
a. Stick to binary associations
b. Name classes, attributes, and roles with noun phrases
c. All of the mentioned
d. Name operations and associations with verb phrases

The correct answer is: All of the mentioned

Question 
CA023 The essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of objects and thus provide crisply defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer is called
Select one:
a. Encapsulation
b. Hierarchy
c. Modularity
d. Abstraction

The correct answer is: Abstraction

Question 
JNQ103. Product backlog is prioritized by
Select one:
a. Product owner
b. Scrum master
c. All the given options
d. Scrum team

The correct answer is: Product owner

Question 
CA008 constructor operation does which of the following?
Select one:
a. Updates an existing instance of a class
b. Creates a new instance of a class
c. Deletes and existing instance of a class
d. All of the given choices.

The correct answer is: Creates a new instance of a class

Question 
VIDQ105 The most common way to depict the functional model is by using the______________?
Select one:
a. Diagrams?
b. Tables?
c. Flowcharts?
d. DFD!

The correct answer is: DFD!

Question 
CA015 During analysis an architect is concerned about _____.
Select one:
a. implementation
b. behavioral
c. technology
d. deployment

The correct answer is: behavioral

Question 
CA027 Inheritance in object-oriented modelling can be used to
Select one:
a. generalize classes
b. specialize classes
c. generalize and specialize classes
d. create newclasses

The correct answer is: generalize and specialize classes

Question.
A tagged value extends the --------------- of a UML building block.
Select one:
a. Definition
b. Properties
c. Vocabulary
d. Semantics

Answer: Properties

Question.
The object act and react in state change and message passing, this is knows as ---------
Select one:
a. State of an object
b. None of the given options
c. Behaviour
d. Parameter passing

Answer: Behaviour

Question.
Which of the following is not one of the elements of a design pattern?
Select one:
a. Context
b. Problem
c. Solution
d. Environment

Answer: Solution

Question.
Which of the following is not true
Select one:
a. Controller is a kind of Facade pattern
b. A controller object can handle multiple system events
c. A controller object helps identify out of sequence events
d. Controller pattern is used to control data

Answer: Controller pattern is used to control data

Question.
Given the following scenario: You want to create families of related objects, to be used interchangeably to configure you application. What is the most appropriate GoF pattern to use?
Select one:
a. Observer
b. Builder
c. Chain of Responsibility
d. Abstract Factory

Answer: Abstract Factory

Question.
______ provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.
Select one:
a. Fabrication
b. Abstracct Factory
c. Singleton
d. Factory Method

Answer: Abstract Factory

Question.
Which of the following is the first step in user interface design process?
Select one:
a. prototype the dialogue and the user interface
b. chart the dialogue
c. none of the given options
d. test the dialogue
e. re-design the dialogue

Answer: chart the dialogue

Question.
Which of the following are the efforts to the Systems Construction Phase?
Select one:
a. documentation
b. redesigned business processes
c. physical design specifications
d. design prototypes
e. all of the given options.

Answer: all of the given options

Question.
A package diagram consists of the following?
Select one:
a) Package symbols
b) Groupings of Use cases, classes, components
c) Interface
d)  both a and b

Answer:  both a and b [According to Bits- Answer is Interface but as per other sources answer is both a and b ]

Question.
Which of the following pattern creates object without revealing the creation logic to the user and refer to newly formed object using a common interface?
Select one:
a. Factory Pattern
b. Transfer Object Pattern
c. Abstract Factory Pattern
d. Singleton Pattern

Answer: Factory Pattern

Question.
Which of the following is not true
Select one:
a. High coupling leads to high change impact
b. High coupling makes it harder to reuse
c. High coupling makes the design easy to understand
d. High coupling means higher reliance on other objects

Answer: High coupling makes the design easy to understand

Question.
Which of the following is(are) the deliverables of the Systems Implementation phase?
Select one:
a. operational system
b. physical design specification
c. functional system
d. training materials

Answer: operational system

Question.
Which of the following are the primary inputs into the job of writing and testing fresh programs?
Select one:
a. both A and C
b. B database structure
c. A programming plan
d. D integration requirements
e. C test data

Answer: both A and C

Question.
Which of the following instruction-driven interfaces allows a customer to enter a question about a given product?
Select one:
a. mnemonic
b. textual
c. language-based
d. natural language
e. none of the given options

Answer: natural language

Question.
Most user interface design patterns fall with in one of ____ categories of patterns.
Select one:
a. 10
b. 5
c. 25
d. 100

Answer: 10

Question.
Which design pattern defines one-to-many dependency among objects?
Select one:
a. Facade Pattern
b. Observer pattern
c. Singleton pattern
d. Factory method pattern

Answer: Observer pattern

Question.
In a System sequence diagram, life lines are depicted as
Select one:
a. Bars
b. Horizontal arrows from actors to system.
c. Object classes
d. Dashed vertical lines extended downwards

Answer: Dashed vertical lines extended downwards

Question.
Which diagram depicts classes that correspond to software components that are used to build the software application?
Select one:
a. design class
b. state transition
c. sequence
d. none of the given options
e. state machine

Answer: design class

Question.
The messages of a Use case can be graphically depicted using
Select one:
a. Activity diagram
b. System sequence diagram
c. Composite diagram
d. Logical use case

Answer: System sequence diagram

Question.
Describe an interface for making an object, but let the subclasses decide which class to instantiate. It lets the instantiation vary to subclasses.
Select one:
a. Prototype
b. Builder
c. Factory Method
d. Abstract Factory

Answer: Abstract Factory

Question.
The recurring aspects of designs are called?
Select one:
a. Patterns
b. Structures
c. Documents
d. Methods

Answer: Patterns

Question.
MVC is a three layer architecture that contains a
Select one:
a. model, view, and controller
b. machine, view, content objects
c. machine, view, controller
d. model, view, and content objects

Answer: model, view, and controller

Question.
Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types, is suggested by
Select one:
a. LSP
b. OCP
c. DIP
d. SRP

Answer: LSP

Question.
Which of the following UML diagrams has a static view?
Select one:
a. State chart
b. Collaboration
c. Activity
d. Use case

Answer: Use case

Question.
Physical relationship between software components and the hardware in the delivered system can be shown by which diagrams?
Select one:
a. Deployment diagram
b. Class diagram
c. Domain model
d. Network diagram
e. Component diagram

Answer: Deployment diagram

Question.
A link is a subset of
Select one:
a. Realization
b. Generalization
c. Dependency
d. Association

Answer: Association

Question.
The process of grouping the elements of an abstraction that constitute its structure and behavior is called as
Select one:
a. Encapsulation
b. Entity Abstraction
c. Modularity
d. Hierarchy

Answer: Entity Abstraction

Question.
A class is divided into which of these compartments?
Select one:
a. Name Compartment
b. All of the mentioned
c. Attribute Compartment
d. Operation Compartment

Answer: All of the mentioned

Question.
Which of the following is(are) the UML level of visibility?
Select one:
a. both B and C
b. all A and B and C
c. A persistent
d. B public
e. C protected

Answer: both B and C

Question.
Which model depicts the image of a system that an end user creates in his or her head?
Select one:
a. design model
b. user model
c. system perception
d. system model

Answer: system perception

Question.
What is main benifit of Indirection?
Select one:
a. Lower cohesion
b. More number of small classes
c. Higher copuling
d. Lower coupling

Answer: Lower coupling

Question.
Which one of the tests is performed on a subset of a program?
Select one:
a. program test
b. unit test
c. stub test
d. subset test
e. system test

Answer: stub test

Question.
Which of these depicts the true definition for the UML extensions?
Select one:
a. A property is a characteristic of the entity designated by a model element
b. A constraint is the statement that must be true of the entities designated by one or more model elements
c. A stereotype is a UML model element given more specific meaning
d. All of the mentioned

Answer: All of the mentioned

Question.
Which of the following is the last phase of the Systems Construction phase?
Select one:
a. none of the given options
b. build and test databases
c. build and test networks
d. write and test new programs
e. prepare conversion plan

Answer: write and test new programs

Question
Which of the following is(are) the task(s) of the Systems Conversion phase?
Select one:
a. prepare conversion plan
b. convert to new system
c. build and test networks
d. train users
e. none of the given options

Answer: build and test networks

Question.
Which design pattern ensures that only one object of particular class gets created?
Select one:
a. Observer Pattern
b. Strategy Pattern
c. Singleton Pattern
d. Facade Pattern

Answer: Singleton Pattern

Question.
Which of the following is not true regarding Facade pattern
Select one:
a. Provides simpler interface
b. Hides complexity
c. Exposes implementation details
d. Improves maintainability

Answer: Exposes implementation details

Question.
Which kind of menu is planned primarily for expert users as there is no visual clue to its presence?
Select one:
a. options Cascading
b. pull-down
c. Iconic
d. Pop-up
e. none of the given

Answer: Pop-up

Question.
Which of the tests is a last system test executed by end users using real data over an extended period of time?
Select one:
a. final test
b. parallel test
c. systems acceptance test
d. complete test
e. none of the given options

Answer: systems acceptance test

Question.
Which GRASP pattern helps to find out answer for "Who should be responsible for creating a new instance of some class?"?
Select one:
a. Creator
b. Fabircation
c. Adapter
d. Protected Vairation

Answer: Creator

Question.
Define one to many dependency among objects so that after one object changes state, all its dependents are alerted and updated automatically.
Select one:
a. Mediator
b. Chain of responsibility
c. Event Notification
d. Observer

Answer: Observer

Question.
A general purpose mechanism for organizing elements into groups
Select one:
a. Package
b. Component
c. Node
d. Class

Answer: Package

Question.
A Patter language
Select one:
a. None of the given options
b. Is implemented using hyper text
c. Encompasses a collection of patterns
d. Resembles the structure of natural language

Answer: Encompasses a collection of patterns

Question.
A class is divided into which of these compartments?
Select one:
a. Name Compartment
b. Operation Compartment
c. All of the mentioned
d. Attribute Compartment

Answer: All of the mentioned

Question.
In object oriented approach, objects are
Select one:
a. Discrete
b. Both Identical and Discrete
c. None
d. Identical

Answer: Discrete

Question.
A Relationship between use cases and collaborations can be viewed as
Select one:
a. Association
b. Generalization
c. Realization
d. Link

Answer: Realization

Question.
The person generally responsible for the program design strategy, standards, and construction is called a(n):
Select one:
a. systems analyst
b. backup chief programmer
c. chief programmer
d. network designer
e. program librarian

Answer: chief programmer

Question.
Which of these framework events are not normally associated with the user interface design processes?
Select one:
a. user and task analysis
b. interface validation
c. interface construction
d. cost estimation

Answer: cost estimation

Question.
When we want to replace a class with another class which is more efficient but has a different interface, which pattern comes handy?
Select one:
a. Strategy
b. Composite
c. Facade
d. Adaptor

Answer: Adaptor

Question.
The humans cope with the complexity in a fundamental way using ________
Select one:
a. Object
b. Class
c. Encapsulation
d. Abstraction

Answer: Abstraction

Question.
Which of the below instruction-driven interfaces is constructed everywhere a broadly known command language that can be used by the customer to invoke actions?
Select one:
a. a command-control syntax
b. none of the given options
c. a language-based syntax
d. a mnemonic syntax
e. a natural language syntax

Answer: a language-based syntax

Question.
An observer pattern does not involve
Select one:
a. Observing changes
b. Notifying changes / events to observers
c. Keeping track of all observers
d. Analyzing observers

Answer: Analyzing observers

Question.
Which of the following is NOT a tool that can be used for discovering class behaviors and responsibilities?
Select one:
a. class diagram
b. none of the given options
c. sequence diagram
d. CRC card
e. interface diagram

Answer: interface diagram

Question.
Which mechanism is applied to use a design pattern in an OO system?
Select one:
a. None of the mentioned
b. Composition
c. All of the mentioned
d. Inheritance

Answer: All of the mentioned

Question.
Ensure a class has only one instance, and provide a global access point to it.
Select one:
a. Proxy
b. Flyweight
c. Singleton
d. Single Class Factory

Answer: Singleton

Question.
Which design pattern would decide mismatched interfaces or provide a steady interface to similar components with different interfaces?
Select one:
a. Mediator
b. Visitor
c. Adapter
d. Controller

Answer: Adapter

Question.
Which among these are the rules to be considered to form Class diagrams?
Select one:
a. Attributes and operations can be listed at any suitable place
b. Compartment can be in random order
c. None of the mentioned
d. Class symbols must have at least a name compartment

Answer: Class symbols must have at least a name compartment

Question.
Which of the following is(are) human engineering guideline(s)?
Select one:
a. The system user should always be aware of what to do next.
b. Anticipate the errors users might make.
c. All of the given options
d. Users should not be allowed to proceed without correcting an error.
e. Use display attributes sparingly.

Answer: All of the given options

Question.
Which of the following is not included on a design class diagram?
Select one:
a. navigability
b. dependencies
c. methods with parameters
d. classes
e. entities

Answer: entities

Question.
The view which addresses the configuration management of the system’s releases.
Select one:
a. Implementation
b. Use case
c. Design
d. Process

Answer: Use case

Question.
Given classes A and B, which of the following is not a common type of coupling in object-oriented software?
Select one:
a. A invokes methods of B
b. A method parameter or local variable in A references B
c. A has an instance variable that refers to B
d. None of the given options
e. A is a direct or an indirect subclass of B

Answer: A is a direct or an indirect subclass of B

Question.
Which of the following is important in user interface design?
Select one:
a. D test the system on a limited number of actual users
b. both A and B
c. A practice iterative design
d. C use automated tools in designing user interface
e. B understand your users and their tasks

Answer: both A and B

Question.
Which one of the following mechanisms is used to implement generalization?
Select one:
a. Encapsulation
b. Abstraction
c. Polymorphism
d. Inheritance

Answer: Inheritance

Question.
With respect to the tone of a dialogue, which of the following should not be used?
Select one:
a. use simple, grammatically correct sentences
b. use abbreviations so that users can read them more quickly
c. be consistent in the use of terminology
d. use simple term
e. use appropriate action verbs

Answer: use abbreviations so that users can read them more quickly

Question.
Which of the following diagram is time oriented?
Select one:
a. Collaboration
b. Activity
c. Sequence
d. None of the given options

Answer: Sequence

Question.
Who will test the system in agile development?
Select one:
a. Business Analyst
b. Developer
c. All the given options
d. software tester

Answer: All the given options

Question.
Arrange the following scrum practices according to the order in which they are carried out. 1. Sprint 2. Daily scrum meet 3. Sprint review meet 4. Sprint retrospective meet 5. Sprint planning
Select one:
a. 5 1 2 3 4
b. 5 4 2 3 1
c. 5 1 2 4 3
d. 5 2 1 3 4

Answer: 5 1 2 3 4

Question.
The fact that  similar operation may be applied to two or more classes is named what
Select one:
a. Polymorphism
b. Encapsulation
c. Multiple classification
d. Inheritance

Answer: Polymorphism

Question.
Multiplicity is the same as what concept for an ERD?
Select one:
a. Attribute
b. Entity
c. Cardinality
d. Relationship

Answer: Cardinality

Question.
During Use Case Analysis, which UML diagrams should you use when allocating use-case behavior to classes?
Select one:
a. sequence and communication diagrams
b. sequence and activity diagrams
c. class and composite structure diagrams
d. use-case and activity diagrams

Answer: sequence and communication diagrams

Question.
The object-oriented development life cycle is which of the following?
Select one:
a. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in the given specific order and using multiple iterations.
b. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in the given order and using the steps not more than one time.
c. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in any random order and using multiple iterations.
d. Analysis, design, and implementation steps in any order and using the steps no more than one time.

Answer: Analysis, design, and implementation steps in the given order and using multiple iterations.

Question.
Noun-Phrase Approach and CRC Approach are used to identify
Select one:
a. collaborators
b. classes
c. objects
d. Use cases

Answer: classes

Question.
Which of the following statements is true about use-case realization?
Select one:
a. It is created by the System Analyst.
b. It lists the different steps performed by a use-case.
c. Its creation is part of the Requirements discipline.
d. It provides traceability from Analysis and Design back to requirements.

Answer: It provides traceability from Analysis and Design back to requirements.

Question.
The vertical dimension of a sequence diagram represents
Select one:
a. messages
b. time
c. objects
d. lines

Answer: time

Question
What among these is true ?

Select one:
a. Associations may also correspond to relation between instances of three or more classes
b. Association lines may be unlabeled or they may show association name
c. All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: All of the mentioned

Question
Who is responsible for sprint meeting?

Select one:
a. All the given options
b. Scrum team
c. Scrum master
d. Product owner

Answer: Scrum master

 Question
Which of the following is carried out for the detailed design process?

 Select one:
 a. All of the mentioned
 b. Design alternatives are evaluated first and then Design is finalized
 c. Both SRS and SAD are taken as input for the detailed design stage
 d. Detailed design is the output for the process

 Answer: All of the mentioned

 Question
Usecases are not object oriented ________ but they are simple stories.

 Select one:
 a. Analysis
 b. Artifacts
 c. Design
 d. Development.

 Answer: Artifacts

 Question
___________ shows the state of the objects in the domain model after the completion of the operation.

 Select one:
a. Cross references
b. Preconditions
c. Post conditions
d. Sequence diagram.

 Answer: Post conditions

 Question
A relationship between use cases and collaboration can be viewed as ____________ relationship.

Options
a. association
b. generalization
c. link
d. realization

Answer: realization

Question
The interaction constraint to be used for representing critical region is

Select one:
a. Crt
b. critical
c. Crit
d. Par
 
Answer: critical [doubtful]

 Question
Performance and licensing are examples of?

Select one:
a. Both of the given options
b. None of the given options
c. Non-Functional Requirements
d. Functional Requirements

Answer: Non-Functional Requirements
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